Biomes at Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Great Smoky Mountains National Park straddles the border between North Carolina and Tennessee and is known for its rich biodiversity and diverse range of habitats. The park's elevational gradient, ranging from approximately 875 feet (267 meters) to 6,643 feet (2,025 meters) at Clingmans Dome, supports a variety of biomes. Keep on reading to learn more about the biomes at Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Deciduous Forest

The park's deciduous forests are characterized by a variety of hardwood tree species, such as oak, hickory, and maple. This biome supports a wide range of wildlife, including black bears, deer, and numerous bird species.

Spruce-Fir Forest

At higher elevations, the park transitions to spruce-fir forests, dominated by spruce and fir trees. This cooler, moist biome is home to unique species such as the northern flying squirrel and the red-cheeked salamander.

Cove Hardwood Forest

Found in the sheltered valleys of the park, cove hardwood forests boast a diverse mix of tree species, such as tulip poplar, basswood, and buckeye. This rich environment supports various plant and animal species, including wildflowers and white-tailed deer.

Pine-Oak Forest

Areas with poorer, drier soils are characterized by pine-oak forests. These forests consist mainly of pine and oak species and provide habitat for species like the eastern box turtle and the red-headed woodpecker.

Heath Bald

Heath balds are open, shrub-dominated areas found at higher elevations. These unique biomes are characterized by dense thickets of rhododendron and mountain laurel, and they provide important habitat for bird species such as the chestnut-sided warbler.

Montane Meadow

Montane meadows are open, grassy areas typically found in higher elevations. These biomes are rich in herbaceous plant species and are frequented by pollinators like butterflies and bees, as well as larger animals like elk.